The Oldest University in Africa: University of Al-Qarawiyyin
When it comes to tracing the roots of higher education in Africa, one institution stands as a timeless beacon: the University of Al-Qarawiyyin (also spelled Al-Karaouine or Al-Quaraouiyine). Founded in 859 AD in Fez, Morocco, it holds the distinction of being the oldest university in Africa and, indeed, the world, according to UNESCO and Guinness World Records.
Why Al-Qarawiyyin is the Oldest University in Africa
The University of Al-Qarawiyyin isn’t just Africa’s oldest—it’s a pioneering institution that predates Europe’s earliest universities by centuries. Established during the Islamic Golden Age, it has operated continuously for over 1,165 years, making it the longest-standing degree-awarding institution globally. While other ancient African centers like Sankore in Mali emerged later (around the 12th century), Al-Qarawiyyin’s founding in 859 AD sets it apart as the continent’s—and the world’s—first true university.
Key Highlights
- Founded: 859 AD by Fatima al-Fihri
- Location: Fez, Morocco
- Original Purpose: Mosque and madrasa (Islamic school)
- Modern Status: Integrated into Morocco’s state university system in 1963
- Student Enrollment: Approximately 8,000-9,000 students (2024 estimate)
- UNESCO Recognition: Designated the world’s oldest university
A Historical Marvel: The Founding Story
The University of Al-Qarawiyyin was founded by Fatima al-Fihri, a Tunisian-born woman who used her inheritance from her wealthy merchant father to establish a mosque and educational center in Fez. At a time when women’s roles were often limited, Fatima’s vision created a legacy that endures today. Construction began in 859 AD under the Idrisid dynasty, a period when Fez was a thriving hub of trade and scholarship. By the 10th century, the institution had evolved into a full-fledged university, offering structured education and attracting scholars from across the Muslim world.
- Initial Structure: A mosque with an associated madrasa
- Expansion: Grew under the Almoravid and Marinid dynasties, adding libraries and lecture halls
- Key Milestone: Became a degree-granting university by the 12th century, centuries before Europe’s Bologna (1088 AD)
This longevity and adaptability distinguish Al-Qarawiyyin from other early learning centers, such as Egypt’s Al-Azhar University (founded 970 AD) or Mali’s Sankore University (established around 989 AD).
Academic Legacy: A Cradle of Knowledge
Al-Qarawiyyin’s curriculum originally focused on Islamic studies, including theology, jurisprudence (fiqh), and Arabic grammar. Over time, it expanded to include secular subjects like mathematics, astronomy, and medicine, reflecting the intellectual breadth of the Islamic Golden Age. Its library, one of the oldest in the world, housed over 4,000 manuscripts, including works by luminaries like Ibn Khaldun.
Academic Stats
- Historical Enrollment: At its peak in the 14th century, it educated up to 20,000 students (estimates from medieval chronicles)
- Current Enrollment: 8,000-9,000 students across various programs (2024 Moroccan Ministry of Education data)
- Fields of Study: Over 20 disciplines, from Islamic law to modern languages
- Notable Alumni: Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Maimonides, and Pope Sylvester II (disputed)
The university’s teaching method, known as halqa (students seated in a semi-circle around a sheikh), persists today, blending tradition with modern education.
Architectural Grandeur: A Living Monument
Located in the heart of Fez’s medina, a UNESCO World Heritage site, Al-Qarawiyyin’s campus is a masterpiece of Islamic architecture. Its mosque can accommodate 22,000 worshippers, while the university buildings feature intricate tilework, cedar wood carvings, and expansive courtyards.
- Library: Restored in 2016, housing 4,000+ manuscripts, including a 9th-century Quran
- Construction Phases: Expanded in 956 AD, 1135 AD, and the 14th century
- Size: Covers approximately 5 hectares, integrating mosque, library, and lecture spaces
A 2016 renovation by architect Aziza Chaouni modernized facilities while preserving historical integrity, earning global acclaim.
Modern Evolution: From Madrasa to University
Al-Qarawiyyin transitioned into Morocco’s modern university system in 1963, adopting a structured academic framework while retaining its Islamic roots. Today, it offers degrees in Islamic studies, legal sciences, Arabic linguistics, and foreign languages like English and French.
- Faculties: 4 main faculties, including Theology and Sharia
- Annual Graduates: Approximately 1,500-2,000 (2024 estimate)
- International Students: Attracts learners from West Africa and the Middle East, comprising 10-15% of enrollment
Despite competition from newer universities, its historical prestige keeps it relevant.
Comparative Age: Al-Qarawiyyin vs. Other African Institutions
Here’s how Al-Qarawiyyin compares to other early African universities:
| University | Founded | Location | Modern Status | Key Feature |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Al-Qarawiyyin | 859 AD | Fez, Morocco | 1963 | Oldest degree-awarding institution |
| Al-Azhar University | 970 AD | Cairo, Egypt | 1961 | Leading Sunni Islamic center |
| Sankore University | ~989 AD | Timbuktu, Mali | Limited operation | Medieval manuscript hub |
| University of Cape Town | 1829 AD | Cape Town, SA | Full university | Oldest in Sub-Saharan Africa |
Al-Qarawiyyin’s 1,165 years of continuous operation dwarf even Europe’s oldest, the University of Bologna (1088 AD), by over two centuries.
Cultural and Global Impact
Al-Qarawiyyin’s influence extends beyond Africa. Scholars like Pope Sylvester II (946-1003 AD) reportedly studied there, bringing knowledge of Arabic numerals to Europe. Its manuscripts shaped medieval thought in astronomy, philosophy, and medicine.
- Manuscript Collection: Over 1 million pages preserved historically
- Visitors: Attracts 50,000+ tourists annually (Moroccan Tourism Board, 2024)
- UNESCO Status: Recognized as a World Heritage site within Fez’s medina
Its legacy inspired the modern university model, influencing institutions worldwide.
Conclusion: Al-Qarawiyyin’s Enduring Legacy
The University of Al-Qarawiyyin is not just the oldest university in Africa—it’s a testament to human ingenuity and resilience. Founded in 859 AD, spanning 1,165 years, and educating 8,000+ students today, it blends ancient tradition with modern relevance. For historians, students, or travelers seeking the roots of higher education, Al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, is an unrivaled destination.
