After experiencing significant growth over the past 25 years, with mutual fund assets increasing 15-fold, we are now witnessing a slowdown in this growth. The substantial amount of money held by mutual funds has reached over $30 trillion, and we are starting to see outflows exceeding inflows. While we can view this as a market, it would be premature to label it a bear market for mutual funds at this point.
Mutual funds, with their structure that requires minimal effort from investors, are likely to remain a popular form of investing. However, the days when mutual funds had no real competition for investment dollars are over. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) have emerged as a new bull market and have several advantages over traditional mutual funds. Many investors who are comfortable making their own investment decisions and have the means to trade through self-directed accounts have shifted their focus to ETFs. Hedge funds have also gained popularity, despite past failures, and we are currently in a bull market for hedge funds.
The growth of ETFs and the resurgence of hedge funds have come at the expense of traditional mutual funds. However, mutual funds still hold a dominant position and are likely to remain so in the foreseeable future. It is difficult to envision a significant shift in investor habits that would diminish the preference for mutual funds as the primary long-term investment vehicle. While ETFs, hedge funds, and other investment options continue to gain traction, it would take substantial changes in investor behavior for mutual funds to lose their stronghold.
How Mutual Funds Will Stay on Top
ETFs have gained significant popularity, with some of the largest ones trading among the most actively traded securities in the market. For example, the ETF SPY, which tracks the S&P 500, is currently the second most active security worldwide. However, it’s important to note that trading volume and assets under management are not the same. While ETFs hold around $3 trillion in assets, mutual funds still dominate with around $30 trillion in assets.
Mutual funds focus on acquiring and holding investments rather than frequent trading. Despite a slight decline in holdings each year, mutual funds remain a popular choice for many investors. If investors were more aware of the potential benefits and efficiency of investing in ETFs, especially those tracking broad market indexes like SPY, there might be a greater shift towards ETFs surpassing index-based mutual funds. However, many investors may not be familiar with this approach or may not feel comfortable executing it themselves, even as part of a buy-and-hold strategy.
Some investors may worry that having the ability to trade their own portfolio could tempt them to make poor decisions too frequently. This concern may be valid, as successfully trading ETFs requires investment knowledge and a level of involvement that goes beyond occasional meetings with financial advisors, which is the extent of involvement preferred by many investors.
Moreover, the appeal of lower management fees alone may not be enough to entice investors, particularly when it involves opening a self-directed account, which not all investors have or are interested in having, despite the tremendous growth in the number of such accounts.
While criticisms may arise regarding regulatory limitations, such as restricting access to hedge funds to investors of significant means, the reality is that many investors lack the necessary investment expertise and often struggle to adhere to even a simple strategy, such as holding investments during bear markets. Under duress, investors may make decisions that end up harming their own financial well-being.
Mutual Funds Cater to the Masses
The main reason why mutual funds will likely maintain their dominance is the proactive sales approach they employ, catering to the wider investment public. Other alternatives like ETFs, hedge funds, and self-directed investing are primarily targeted at more sophisticated investors who are motivated to take a more active role in managing their investments.
The majority of investors are not interested in or do not currently have the inclination to take on a more active role in their investments, and this is unlikely to change significantly in the near future. Most individuals have their own careers and lives to focus on, and learning about managing investments is not a priority for them.
The mutual fund industry has been successful in discouraging investors from taking an active role in their portfolios, and those considering doing so often encounter advice that encourages them to stay away from active management.
Furthermore, mutual funds are promoted on a mass scale, reaching a wide audience systematically. They are sold and offered as investment options to individuals, making them easily accessible. In contrast, ETFs and other self-directed investment options require investors to proactively seek out information, learn about them, open accounts, and trade them.
Therefore, the existing infrastructure and promotion in place for mutual funds will likely contribute to their continued dominance among the majority of investors and their preferred investment choices.
The Move Toward Index Funds
It is true that most mutual funds do not consistently outperform the market, and this has led to a shift in investor preference towards funds that deliver similar or better performance. As a result, actively managed funds have been experiencing a decline, while index funds are gaining popularity and experiencing significant growth.
While actively managed funds still hold the majority of funds under management in the mutual funds industry, the trend is rapidly changing, and it is likely that passively managed index funds will soon surpass them. This shift is driven by mutual fund companies promoting index funds more actively. While many investors may not be well-informed about the details of the funds they invest in, they tend to follow the recommendations of their advisors or accept what is presented to them.
This shift from actively managed to passively managed funds is driven by marketing efforts. Mutual funds have a strong hold on most investors, who generally accept the options provided to them. This trend is expected to continue, and we may even see a day when actively managed funds become less prominent, with some remaining funds striving to beat the market.
As access to information continues to increase in the Information Age, more investors may learn about managing their own investments and choose to do so. However, the biggest barrier is the lack of interest among investors to take an active role in managing their portfolios. While some may opt for ETFs instead of index funds, the majority of investors are not interested in taking charge of their investments. This mindset would need to change significantly to challenge the popularity of mutual funds as the primary investment vehicle.
Bear markets can dampen enthusiasm for mutual funds, but they have proven resilient in surviving challenging market conditions, such as the Great Recession. The perception that mutual funds are a reliable long-term investment option may be challenging to undo, regardless of the underlying reality. Mutual funds may not be without flaws, as they are subject to market performance, but they are likely to remain a prevalent investment choice for the foreseeable future.